Problems on Techniques of Integration

We recognize here a rational function. The technique of integrationg such functions is the partial decomposition technique. In this case, the degree of the denominator is 2 with an irreducible polynomial function. So no need to perform the long-division. One may also use the table for this integration.

First we will get ridd of the term $x$ in the numerator by using the derivative of the denominator. Indeed, we have

$$x-1 = \frac{1}{2} \Big(2x+1\Big) - \frac{3}{2}$$

which implies

$$\frac{x-1}{x^2 + x + 1} = \frac{1}{2} \frac{2x+1}{(x^2 + x + 1)} - \frac{3}{2}\frac{1}{(x^2 + x + 1)}\cdot$$

Hence

$$\int \frac{x-1}{x^2 + x + 1}dx = \frac{1}{2} \int \frac{2x+1}{x^2 + x + 1}dx - \frac{3}{2} \int \frac{1}{x^2 + x + 1}dx\cdot$$

On the other hand, we have

$$\int \frac{2x+1}{x^2 + x + 1}dx = \ln(x^2 + x + 1).$$

In order to integrate $$\frac{1}{x^2 + x + 1}$$, we will complete the square in the denominator and then use the $\arctan$ formula to get

$$\int \frac{1}{x^2 + x + 1}dx = \int \frac{1}{\displaystyle \l... ... = \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}\arctan\left(\frac{2x+1}{\sqrt{3}}\right).$$

We get

$$\int \frac{x-1}{x^2 + x + 1}dx = \frac{1}{2} \ln(x^2 + x + 1) - \sqrt{3} \arctan\left(\frac{2x+1}{\sqrt{3}}\right) + C.$$

It is a common mistake to forget the constant $C$.

Remark. Recall the $\arctan$ formula

$$\int \frac{1}{x^2 + a^2} dx = \frac{1}{a} \arctan \left(\frac{x}{a}\right)$$

If you prefer to jump to the next problem, click on Next Problem below.

[Next Problem] [Matrix Algebra] [Trigonometry] [Calculus] [Geometry] [Algebra] [Differential Equations] [Complex Variables]

S.O.S MATHematics home page

Do you need more help? Please post your question on our S.O.S. Mathematics CyberBoard.

Copyright © 1999-2025 MathMedics, LLC. All rights reserved.
Contact us
Math Medics, LLC. - P.O. Box 12395 - El Paso TX 79913 - USA
users online during the last hour